Newly described fossil had armoured plates above its backbone

The study was published in the journal, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.

This archosaur fossil, which has bony plates on its backbone, shows that armour was a boomerang trait in the evolution of dinosaurs and pterosaurs. The group's ancestors had armour, but it was lost and later independently re-evolved numerous times in specialised dinosaurs like ankylosaurs and stegosaurs.

We are just starting to understand that there were many dinosaur-like creatures across the planet well before dinosaurs evolved, said the studys lead author Sterling Nesbitt, associateprofessor of geosciences at Virginia Tech and a research associate in the American Museum of Natural Historys Division of Paleontology. Dinosaurs were latecomers to the Triassic reptile party. They showed up well after many dinosaur-looking reptiles were established across our planet.

Archosaurs are reptiles that are divided into two major branches: the bird line, which includes pterosaurs and dinosaurs, including living dinosaurs (birds); and the crocodilian line, including crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials. The newly described archosaur species, named Mambachiton fiandohana, is the earliest diverging member of the bird line of archosaur evolution. The fossil, which is about 235 million years old, was found in 1997 in Madagascar by a team of researchers led by the Museums Frick Curator of Fossil Mammals John Flynn, who worked at the Field Museum at the time, in close collaboration with scientists and students at the University of Antananarivo in Madagascar.

This discovery documents the importance of the southern hemisphere fossil record in understanding this important period of the Triassic when dinosaurs were first appearing, Flynn said. This time interval is really poorly known elsewhere in the world, showing the tremendous value of our quarter-century-long Madagascar-U.S. research and education partnership to advancing scientific knowledge.

A four-legged, long-tailed precursor to dinosaurs and pterosaurs,Mambachitonis estimated to have been 46 feet (1.52 meters) long, weighing between 2545 pounds (1020 kilograms). Unexpectedly, the species had an extensive series of bony plates called osteoderms covering its backbone. Although osteoderms are common in crocodilians and their relatives, they are rare in bird-line archosaurs, with the exception of dinosaurs like stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, titanosaur sauropods, and at least one theropod.

Mambachiton shows definitively that the bird-line archosaur group was ancestrally armoured. This armour was lost in the evolution of dinosaurs and pterosaurs but then reappeared later several times, independently, in the dinosaur lineage.

The loss and re-evolution of armour is an important aspect of the story of dinosaur evolutionfreeing them from some of the biomechanical body constraints of the ancestral archosaurs and potentially contributing to some of the locomotor shifts as dinosaurs diversified into a dizzying array of different ecology and body forms, said co-author Christian Kammerer, a former Gerstner Scholar at the Museum and a research curator in palaeontology at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences.

Mambachiton demonstrates that retention of ancestral features or acquisition of new traits depends on interactions within the ecosystem, said project co-leader Lovasoa Ranivoharimanana of the University of Antananarivo. When a character is essential, it is retained, but when it is no longer useful, it disappears. (ANI)