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A recent study suggested that an experimental medicine that has been investigated as a potential treatment for cancer, lung, and Alzheimer's disease may also prevent the development of atherosclerosis, the precursor to heart disease.
The study, which was directed by scientists at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, investigated the processes of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits accumulate in blood arteries. This accumulation can obstruct blood flow and result in heart attack or stroke when it solidifies into plaques and sets off inappropriate immunological responses (inflammation). The new research, which was published on June 8 in the journal Nature Cardiovascular Research, demonstrated that plasma (the liquid component of blood) from individuals with atherosclerotic disease causes blood immune cells to produce an inflammatory signal that is often quite strong. Later studies revealed that the medication saracatinib significantly decreased this inflammatory signalling in sick tissue and human blood samples by more than 90%. "Our findings provide new insight into the inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis and suggest for the first time that saracatinib may offer an effective therapy in cases where standard therapy, in the form of statins, fails to help," said study co-lead author Letizia Amadori, PhD, a senior research scientist at NYU Langone Health. Physicians prescribe statins to reduce harmful fats in the blood, but studies show that even with reduced plaque deposits, inflammation persists in many patients, who remain at high risk for heart attack. According to the study authors, the causes of this chronic immune response in patients are not fully understood, and anti-inflammatory treatments are sometimes ineffective in patient studies. For the study, the team analyzed blood samples from 34 men and women with the condition specifically termed atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), all of whom were on statins, and compared them with samples from 24 healthy donors. To home in on saracatinib, the study authors explored 4,823 genes including 277 already known to play a role in inflammation and produce cytokines and other proteins that promote a chronic immune response. According to Amadori, the team reasoned that if a particular medication could stop all these molecules from being made, then it could calm the response. Rather than trying to create a suitable drug from scratch, the researchers instead turned to a list of pharmaceuticals already approved or being tested for other uses. Specifically, they searched a series of datasets from the National Institutes of Health called the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures, which contains hundreds of thousands of test results mapping the effects of various molecules, signalling proteins, and genetic changes on human cells. Because saracatinib was shown in this search to reverse the expression of target genes, the process by which genes are turned on to make proteins, the authors tested it in human cells, diseased tissue, and animal models to see if it could actually stop, slow, or reverse inflammation prompted by ASCVD. Among the findings, the results revealed that saracatinib blocks gene activity responsible for producing inflammatory proteins such as interleukin-1 beta and interluekin-6 that maintain ASCVD's immune reactivity. Notably, an inhibitor of interleukin-1 beta was shown to effectively prevent heart attack in an earlier trial. At the same time, the drug boosted genes known to make proteins that help clean up plaque deposits by transporting fat away from the arteries. Further experiments in rabbits revealed that saracatinib reduced plaque-based inflammation by about 97% compared with untreated animals. Meanwhile in mice, the same therapy prompted up to an 80% reduction in cells linked to inflammation in plaques and shrunk plaque deposits between 48% and 70%, depending on the dose of the medication, says Amadori. "Our reverse-engineering method of finding new uses for old drugs can in theory be harnessed to uncover therapies for practically any disease that involves inflammation," said study senior author Chiara Giannarelli, MD, PhD, adding, "Since these chemicals have already been tested for safety, this technique offers a swift and cost-effective approach to pharmaceutical development." (ANI)
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