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Calprotectin levels in stool samples can be used to diagnose or monitor common inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, while serum levels of calprotectin can be used to monitor the inflammation state in rheumatoid arthritis. Calprotectin concentrations in patient samples are commonly evaluated utilising antibodies that bind and detect the protein, such as those used in lateral flow assays such as the now-familiar home COVID-19 test kits.
However, there is a drawback to antibody-based calprotectin assays: the findings might differ depending on the kind of antibody and test utilised. This occurs because antibodies might attach to different places on the protein or have an uneven composition. Antibodies can also become inactive over time as a result of unfolding or precipitation. One possible solution is to use peptides instead of antibodies to detect and measure disease markers like calprotectin. Peptides are sequences of up to 50 amino acids that can bind to proteins with high affinity and selectivity, but, unlike antibodies, they can be chemically produced with high purity and homogeneity. In addition, peptides are stable over time, are cheaper to produce than antibodies and with lower inter-batch variability, and they can be attached to a specific location on a surface, significantly simplifying diagnostic assay development because it allows for a more accurate and controlled way of detecting biomarkers. With this idea, Christian Gerhold, CTO of the diagnostics company BUHLMANN, worked with the group of Professor Christian Heinis at EPFL to develop human calprotectin ligands based on peptides. From a library of more than 500 billion different peptides, Cristina Diaz-Perlas, a postdoc in Heinis's group, isolated several binders of calprotectin, and showed that the peptides are suited for calprotectin quantification in simplified lateral flow assays. The best peptide had a dissociation constant of 26 nM - a measure of how tightly it binds calprotectin, making it a good candidate for diagnostic tests. The peptide not only binds to a large surface region of calprotectin but also to a specific form of calprotectin that is the relevant species in patient samples. Under the guidance of Benjamin Ricken at BUHLMANN, the peptide was finally tested in professionally assembled lateral flow cassettes and found that it was suited for accurate detection and quantification of calprotectin. In a proof-of-concept study, this setup was used to quantify the concentration of calprotectin in serum obtained from patient blood samples. The peptide developed is the first synthetic affinity reagent that could be generated against the biomarker calprotectin. "The EPFL and BUHLMANN teams are currently performing more tests with the calprotectin-specific peptide to translate the assay into a product that can bring the diagnostic power of this increasingly important biomarker to a new level to help patients suffering from inflammatory diseases," said Christian Heinis. (ANI)
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